Where does internal data physically live?

I have an old 2014 LG Optimus Fuel. I stopped using it years ago and it’s been sitting in a cupboard. There is a voice recording that I want to get off of it..but it won’t charge, even with a new replacement battery, so I can’t turn it on. I can’t connect it to my computer and get the computer to realize there’s any connected device. (I don’t remember there having been any physical damage to it ever - I just upgraded.)

Where, physically, is internal data stored? Is there an equivalent to a desktop/laptop computer’s hard drive, on the phone? What I am wondering is if I could remove that specific component from my dead phone and transplant it into a new phone of the exact same type, to be able to access my data. Is that possible? Any info would be very very much appreciated!

[Or if there is a more simple solution to just get the dern thing to power on/be recognizable by a computer as an attached device, that would be even better X^D]